1) Semantic fingerprint matching (meaning > wording)
Modern systems represent text as vectors (embeddings). If two pages share the same meaning, they land close in vector space. Minor rephrasing rarely changes that distance enough to escape duplication detection.
Practical benchmark (industry typical): content with cosine similarity ≥ 0.90–0.95 is often treated as near-duplicate in large-scale clustering pipelines. Many editorial teams use internal thresholds around 0.80–0.88 to proactively reduce overlap.
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